Tipos de leite consumidos durante o primeiro ano de vida e estado nutricional de lactentes do Sul do Brasil / Types of milk consumed during the first year of life and nutritional status of infants in Southern Brazil

Resumo Introdução A Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) recomenda o aleitamento materno exclusivo até o 6º mês de vida da criança e a sua manutenção com alimentação complementar até pelo menos os 2 anos de idade. Apesar da sua importância, a ingestão de substitutos do leite materno é altamente prevalente, sendo uma preocupação em saúde pública. Objetivo Avaliar a associação entre os tipos de leite ingeridos e o estado nutricional no primeiro ano de vida. Método Estudo longitudinal observacional com crianças brasileiras pertencentes a um estudo multicêntrico. Aos 3, 6, 9 e 12 meses de idade foram investigados os tipos de leite consumidos por meio de questionário de frequência alimentar (QFA) e foi realizada antropometria. As associações brutas e ajustadas foram avaliadas por intermédio de regressão linear. Resultados Das 2.965 duplas de mães-bebês rastreadas, 362 atenderam aos critérios e aceitaram participar do estudo (50% meninos). Aos 12 meses de idade, os maiores escores-z de peso para idade e de peso para comprimento foram observados nos meninos que consumiam apenas fórmula ou apenas leite de vaca. Os maiores escores-z de comprimento para idade foram encontrados entre as meninas que ingeriam apenas fórmula ou apenas leite de vaca aos 9 e 12 meses. Ambos foram comparados àqueles que ingeriam apenas leite materno nas mesmas idades. Conclusão Os tipos de leite consumidos associaram-se ao estado nutricional no primeiro ano de vida, sendo observadas diferenças entre os sexos. Os maiores índices antropométricos nas crianças que não recebiam leite materno chamam a atenção para a persistência futura desses desvios, em direção ao excesso de peso.

Abstract Introduction The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends exclusive breastfeeding up to the 6th month of life of the child and its maintenance with complementary feeding until at least 2 years of age. Despite its importance, the intake of breast milk substitutes is highly prevalent and a public health concern. Objective To evaluate the association between the types of milk ingested and nutritional status in the first year of life. Method Observational longitudinal study with Brazilian children from a multicentric study. At 3, 6, 9, and 12 months of age, the types of milk consumed were investigated using a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), and anthropometric measurements were performed. Crude and adjusted associations were assessed by linear regression. Results Of the 2,965 pairs of mothers-babies screened, 362 met the criteria and accepted to participate in the study (50% of boys). At 12 months of age, higher weight-for-age and weight-for-length z-scores were observed in boys who consumed only formula or only cow's milk, compared to boys who consumed only breast milk. Higher length-for-age z-scores were found among girls who consumed only formula or only cow's milk at 9 and 12 months, compared to girls who consumed only breast milk at the same ages. Conclusion The types of milk consumed were associated with nutritional status during the first year of life, with differences between boys and girls. The higher anthropometric indexes in children who did not receive breastmilk call our attention to the persistence of such deviations toward excessive weight status in the future.

Maternal intention to breastfeed, duration of breastfeeding and reasons for weaning: a cohort study, Pelotas, RS, Brazil, 2014. / Intenção de amamentar, duração do aleitamento materno e motivos para o desmame: um estudo de coorte, Pelotas, RS, 2014.

OBJECTIVE: to evaluate maternal intention to breastfeed, duration of breastfeeding up to 24 months-of-age and reasons for weaning in the first year of life. METHODS: this was a cohort study conducted in Pelotas, RS, Brazil, with participants from the Multi-Center Body Composition Study; a life table was used to analyze duration of breastfeeding. RESULTS: of the 1377 mothers screened, 74.3% reported intending to exclusively breastfeed up until 6 months, while 91.1% intended to prolong breastfeeding until at least 12 months; 58.0% of children were breastfed up to at least 6 months; median breastfeeding duration was 10.8 months (IQR: 5.8 - 23.0); the main reasons reported for weaning were insufficient breast milk (57.3%), return to work/school (45.5%), and unexplained refusal by the baby (40.1%). CONCLUSION: the results show that despite the intention to breastfeed, there are still structural and social barriers that interfere with successful breastfeeding, especially those related to working mothers.

Intenção de amamentar, duração do aleitamento materno e motivos para o desmame: um estudo de coorte, Pelotas, RS, 2014 / Intención de amamantar, duración de la lactancia materna y motivos para la ablactación: estudio de cohorte, Pelotas, RS, Brasil, 2014 / Maternal intention to breastfeed, duration of breastfeeding and reasons for weaning: a cohort study, Pelotas, RS, Brazil, 2014

Resumo Objetivo: avaliar a intenção materna de amamentar, duração do aleitamento materno até os 24 meses e os motivos para o desmame no primeiro ano de vida. Métodos: trata-se de estudo de coorte realizado em Pelotas, RS, Brasil, com participantes do Multi-Centre Body Composition Study; para a análise da duração da amamentação, utilizou-se tábua de vida. Resultados: das 1.377 mães rastreadas, 74,3% relataram intenção de amamentar exclusivamente até os 6 meses, enquanto 91,1% pretendiam prolongar o aleitamento materno até pelo menos os 12 meses; até pelo menos 6 meses, 58,0% das crianças foram amamentadas; a mediana da amamentação foi de 10,8 meses (IIQ: 5,8 a 23,0); os principais motivos relatados para desmame foram leite insuficiente (57,3%), retorno ao trabalho/escola (45,5%) e recusa inexplicável do bebê (40,1%). Conclusão: apesar da intenção de amamentar, persistem barreiras estruturais e sociais que interferem no sucesso da amamentação, especialmente as relacionadas ao trabalho materno.

Resumen Objetivo: evaluar la intención materna de amamantar, la duración de la lactancia materna hasta los 24 meses de edad y los motivos para la ablactación en el primer año de vida. Métodos: se trata de un estudio de cohorte realizado en Pelotas, RS, Brasil, con participantes del Multi-Centre Body Composition Study; para el análisis de la duración de la lactancia, se utilizó la tabla de vida. Resultados: de las 1.377 madres rastreadas, el 74,3% tenía intención de amamantar exclusivamente hasta los 6 meses, mientras que el 91,1% pretendía prolongarla hasta por lo menos los 12 meses; el 58,0% de los niños fueron amamantados hasta, al menos, los 6 meses; la mediana de la lactancia fue de 10,8 meses (IIQ: 5,8 a 23,0); los principales motivos para el destete fueron: leche insuficiente (57,3%), retorno al trabajo/escuela (45,5%) y la negativa inexplicable del bebé (40,1%). Conclusión: los resultados muestran que, a pesar de la intención de amamantar, todavía hay barreras estructurales y sociales que interfieren en el éxito de la lactancia, especialmente los relacionados con el trabajo materno.

Abstract Objective: to evaluate maternal intention to breastfeed, duration of breastfeeding up to 24 months-of-age and reasons for weaning in the first year of life. Methods: this was a cohort study conducted in Pelotas, RS, Brazil, with participants from the Multi-Center Body Composition Study; a life table was used to analyze duration of breastfeeding. Results: of the 1377 mothers screened, 74.3% reported intending to exclusively breastfeed up until 6 months, while 91.1% intended to prolong breastfeeding until at least 12 months; 58.0% of children were breastfed up to at least 6 months; median breastfeeding duration was 10.8 months (IQR: 5.8 - 23.0); the main reasons reported for weaning were insufficient breast milk (57.3%), return to work/school (45.5%), and unexplained refusal by the baby (40.1%). Conclusion: the results show that despite the intention to breastfeed, there are still structural and social barriers that interfere with successful breastfeeding, especially those related to working mothers.

Effect of childhood nutrition counselling on intelligence in adolescence: a 15-year follow-up of a cluster-randomised trial.

OBJECTIVE: The present study aimed to assess the effects of an early childhood nutrition counselling intervention on intelligence (as measured by the intelligence quotient (IQ)) at age 15-16 years. DESIGN: A single-blind, cluster-randomised trial. SETTING: In 1998, in Southern Brazil, mothers of children aged 18 months or younger were enrolled in a nutrition counselling intervention (n 424). Counselling included encouragement and promotion of exclusive breast-feeding until 6 months of age and continued breast-feeding supplemented by protein-, lipid- and carbohydrate-rich foods after age 6 months up to age 2 years. The control group received routine feeding advice. In 2013, the fourth round of follow-up of these individuals, at the age of 15-16 years, was undertaken. IQ was assessed using the short form of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-III). Mental disorders (evaluated using the Development and Well-Being Assessment (DAWBA)) and self-reported school failure, smoking and alcohol use were also investigated. Adjusted analyses were conducted using a multilevel model in accordance with the sampling process. SUBJECTS: Adolescents, mean (sd) age of 15·4 (0·5) years (n 339). RESULTS: Mean (sd) total IQ score was lower in the intervention group than the control group (93·4 (11·4) and 95·8 (11·2), respectively) but the association did not persist after adjustment. The prevalence of any mental disorders was similar between intervention and control groups (23·1 and 23·5 %, respectively). There were no differences between groups regarding school failure, smoking and alcohol use. CONCLUSIONS: Nutrition counselling intervention in early childhood had no effect on intelligence measured during adolescence.

Promotion of Weight Gain in Early Childhood Does Not Increase Metabolic Risk in Adolescents: A 15-Year Follow-Up of a Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trial.

BACKGROUND: A rapid gain in weight for length may put children at a higher risk of noncommunicable diseases later in life. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to assess the long-term effects of nutrition counseling delivered in the first 2 y of life in Pelotas, a city in Southern Brazil. METHODS: The original cluster-randomized controlled trial was conducted in 1998. Nutrition counseling (breastfeeding promotion and increased intake of micronutrient-rich and energy-dense foods) was delivered to mothers of children aged 0-17.9 mo attending primary care. Six months later, weight gain was higher in the intervention group than in the control group for children ≥12 mo of age at enrollment. In 2013 (mean age 15 y), assessments included anthropometric measurements, body composition (air-displacement plethysmography), body shape (3-dimensional photonic scan), and plasma total, LDL, and HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, C-reactive protein, and glucose. RESULTS: A total of 363 of the 424 original participants were assessed. An a priori decision was made to prioritize analyses of subjects aged 12-17.9 mo at enrollment (51 from the intervention group and 45 from the control group). In this subgroup, boys in the intervention group were [mean (95% CI)] 3.4 (0.8, 6.0) cm taller than those in the control group. Systolic blood pressure tended to be 5.2 (-0.8, 11.1) mm Hg higher in male subjects from the intervention group than in those in the control group. Lipid profiles tended to be healthier in the intervention group. The plasma total cholesterol concentration was -17.8 (-29.8, -5.7) mg/dL lower in boys in the intervention group than in those in the control group. The total-to-HDL cholesterol ratio and triglyceride concentration in the girls in the intervention group were -0.4 (-0.6, -0.1) and -26.3 (-46.3, -6.3) mg/dL, respectively, lower than in the control group. There was no difference between the groups in terms of body composition. CONCLUSIONS: Promotion of weight gain in children between 12.0-17.9 mo of age was not associated with higher metabolic risk 15 y later. On the contrary, there was some evidence of reduced metabolic risk in the intervention group.

[Avoidable infant deaths in the 1993 and 2004 Pelotas birth cohorts, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil.] / Óbitos infantis evitáveis nas coortes de nascimentos de Pelotas, Rio Grandedo Sul, Brasil, de 1993 e 2004.

Infant mortality classified as avoidable (through immunization, adequate prenatal, childbirth, and neonatal care, adequate diagnostic and therapeutic measures, and adequate health promotion associated with appropriate health care) was compared in the 1993 and 2004 Pelotas Birth Cohorts, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. Deaths were monitored by visits to hospitals, notary public offices, cemeteries, and the Regional Health Division and by a search in the Mortality Information System database. There were 5,249 live births and 111 infant deaths in the 1993 cohort and 4,231 live births and 82 infant deaths in 2004. The avoidable infant mortality rate was 15.2:1,000 live births in 1993 and 15.4 in 2004. Avoidable neonatal and post-neonatal mortality rates were 11.2 and 4.0, respectively, in 1993, and 10.9 and 4.5 in 2004. Preterm births were the main variable associated with avoidable mortality in both cohorts. Strategies to prevent preterm birth may help reduce infant mortality in this context.

Óbitos infantis evitáveis nas coortes de nascimentos de Pelotas, Rio Grandedo Sul, Brasil, de 1993 e 2004 / Avoidable infant deaths in the 1993 and 2004 Pelotas birth cohorts, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil / Muertes infantiles evitables en las cohortes de nacimiento de 1993 y 2004 de Pelotas, Río Grande do Sul, Brasil

Comparou-se a mortalidade infantil por causas evitáveis (óbitos reduzíveis por ações de imunoprevenção; por adequada atenção à mulher na gestação e parto e ao recém-nascido; por ações adequadas de diagnóstico e tratamento; e por ações adequadas de promoção à saúde vinculadas às ações adequadas de atenção à saúde) nas coortes de nascimentos de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, de 1993 e 2004. Os óbitos foram monitorizados mediante visitas aos hospitais, cartórios, cemitérios, Delegacia Regional de Saúde e rastreio à base de dados do Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade (SIM) do Rio Grande do Sul. Na coorte de 1993, houve 5.249 nascidos vivos e 111 óbitos infantis; na de 2004, 4.231 nascidos vivos e 82 óbitos infantis. O coeficiente de mortalidade infantil evitável foi 15,2:1.000 nascidos vivos em 1993 e 15,4 em 2004. Os coeficientes de mortalidades neonatal e pós-neonatal evitáveis foram, respectivamente, 11,2 e 4,0 em 1993 e 10,9 e 4,5 em 2004. Estratégias que visem à prevenção da prematuridade poderão ajudar a reduzir a mortalidade infantil em nosso meio.

Infant mortality classified as avoidable (through immunization, adequate prenatal, childbirth, and neonatal care, adequate diagnostic and therapeutic measures, and adequate health promotion associated with appropriate health care) was compared in the 1993 and 2004 Pelotas Birth Cohorts, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. Deaths were monitored by visits to hospitals, notary public offices, cemeteries, and the Regional Health Division and by a search in the Mortality Information System database. There were 5,249 live births and 111 infant deaths in the 1993 cohort and 4,231 live births and 82 infant deaths in 2004. The avoidable infant mortality rate was 15.2:1,000 live births in 1993 and 15.4 in 2004. Avoidable neonatal and post-neonatal mortality rates were 11.2 and 4.0, respectively, in 1993, and 10.9 and 4.5 in 2004. Preterm births were the main variable associated with avoidable mortality in both cohorts. Strategies to prevent preterm birth may help reduce infant mortality in this context.

La mortalidad infantil evitable (por acciones adecuadas de inmunización, cuidados maternos durante el embarazo y parto, cuidados a la salud del recién nacido, diagnóstico y tratamiento, y acciones de promoción de salud) fue comparada en las cohortes de nacimiento de Pelotas, Río Grande do Sul, Brasil, de 1993 y 2004. Las muertes fueron monitorizadas mediante visitas a hospitales, oficinas de registro de nacimientos y muertes, cementerios y Delegaciones de Salud Regionales, así como mediante una búsqueda en el banco de datos de muertes ocurridas en el país. Se registraron 5.249 nacidos vivos con 111 muertes infantiles en la cohorte de 1993 y 4.231 nacidos vivos con 82 muertes infantiles en 2004. El coeficiente de mortalidad infantil evitable fue 15,2:1.000 nacidos vivos en 1993 y 15,4 en 2004. Los coeficientes de mortalidad neonatal y post-neonatal evitable fueron, respectivamente, 11,2 y 4,0, en 1993 y 10,9 y 4,5 en 2004. El nacimiento prematuro fue la principal variable asociada con mortalidad evitable en ambas cohortes. Estrategias para prevenir el nacimiento de prematuros podrá ayudar a reducir la mortalidad infantil en la ciudad.

Avoidable deaths in the first four years of life among children in the 2004 Pelotas (Brazil) birth cohort study.

Avoidable deaths have been employed as indicators of health care quality. The aim of this study was to identify factors associated with avoidable deaths from birth to four years of age among children from the 2004 Pelotas (Brazil) birth cohort study. From January 1st, 2004, to December 31st, 2005, deaths were monitored on a daily basis and the causes were investigated and classified according to avoidability. After the first year, deaths were monitored through the Mortality Information System. A total of 94 children died during this period. It was possible to classify 92 deaths, 70 of which were preventable. Low family income, fewer prenatal visits and poor-quality prenatal care, preterm birth, low 5-minute Apgar score, and no breastfeeding in the first 24 hours of life were associated with increased risk of death. Prematurity was present in 39 deaths, but only five of these would have been prevented by measures provided during prenatal care. Although limited, compliance with antenatal care program guidelines is still the most important strategy for preventing avoidable deaths in childhood, particularly among the poorest children.

Menstrual bleeding patterns: A community-based cross-sectional study among women aged 18-45 years in Southern Brazil.

BACKGROUND: Population variation in the duration and amount of menstrual bleeding has received little attention in the literature. This study describes these characteristics and investigates the distribution of self-perceived amount of menstrual bleeding according to socio-demographic, behavioral, and reproductive characteristics. METHODS: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 18-45 years old women users of the 31 primary health care (PHC) facilities in Pelotas city (Brazil). Interviews with structured questionnaire were carried out in the waiting rooms during two work shifts. Heaviness of menstrual bleeding was determined through the answer to the question: "Usually how much blood do you lose in every period?" Crude and adjusted analyses through Poisson regression took into account the aggregation per PHC facility. RESULTS: A total of 865 women were enrolled. Prevalence of heavy menstrual flow was 35.3% (95% CI 32.1-38.6%). In adjusted analyses, heavy menstrual bleeding was higher among the older, less educated and obese women, with higher number of pregnancies and who reported longer menstrual periods, extra-menstrual bleeding and clots in the flow. Use of hormonal contraceptive methods was protective against heavy menses. CONCLUSION: Heavy menstrual bleeding is highly prevalent at the community level, and is associated with socio-demographic and anthropometric women's characteristics, as well as with duration of menstruation, extra-bleeding and presence of clots.

Óbitos evitáveis até 48 meses de idade entre as crianças da coorte de nascimentos de Pelotas de 2004 / Óbitos evitables hasta los 48 meses de edad entre los niños de La cohorte de nacimientos de Pelotas de 2004 / Avoidable deaths until months of age among children from the 2004 Pelotas birth cohort

OBJETIVO: Descrever óbitos evitáveis de crianças pertencentes à Coorte de Pelotas, RS, de 2004. MÉTODOS: O óbito de 92 crianças entre 2004-2008 da Coorte de Pelotas 2004 foi identificado e classificado conforme a Lista de Causas de Mortes Evitáveis por Intervenções do Sistema Único de Saúde. Os Sistemas de Informação sobre Mortalidade (SIM) municipal e estadual foram rastreados para localizar mortes ocorridas fora de Pelotas e as causas após o primeiro ano vida. O óbito de menores de um ano foi avaliado e comparado entre um subestudo e o SIM. Foram calculados coeficientes de mortalidade: 1.000 nascidos vivos (NV), mortalidade proporcional por causas evitáveis e conforme tipo de unidade básica de saúde (tradicional ou Estratégia Saúde da Família). RESULTADOS: O coeficiente de mortalidade foi de 22,2:1.000 NV, 82 óbitos ocorreram no primeiro ano de vida (19,4:1.000 NV), dos quais 37 (45 por cento) na primeira semana. Mais de ¾ dos óbitos (70/92) eram evitáveis. No primeiro ano de vida, a maioria (42/82) das mortes seriam evitadas pela adequada atenção à mulher durante a gestação; de acordo com o SIM, a maioria (n = 32/82), pela adequada atenção ao recém-nascido. Não houve diferença entre o tipo de Unidade Básica de Saúde quanto à proporção de óbitos evitáveis. CONCLUSÕES: É alta a proporção de óbitos infantis que podem ser evitados. Para que os óbitos evitáveis possam ser utilizados como indicadores no monitoramento da qualidade da atenção à saúde materno-infantil, é necessário aprimorar a qualidade dos os registros das Declarações de Óbito.

OBJETIVO: Describir óbitos evitables de niños pertenecientes a la Cohorte de Pelotas, Sur de Brasil, de 2004.MÉTODOS: Los óbitos de 92 niños entre 2004-2008 de la Cohorte de Pelotas 2004 fueron identificados y clasificados conforme la Lista de Causas de Muertes Evitables por Intervenciones del Sistema Único de Salud de Brasil. Los sistemas de información sobre mortalidad (SIM) municipal y estatal fueron rastreados para localizar muertes ocurridas fuera de Pelotas y las causas posterior al primer años de vida. Los óbitos de menores de un año fueron evaluados y comparados entre un sub-estudio y el SIM. Se calcularon coeficientes de mortalidad: 1.000 nacidos vivos (NV), mortalidad proporcional por causas evitables y conforme tipo de unidad básica de salud (tradicional o Estrategia Salud de la Familia). RESULTADOS: El coeficiente de mortalidad fue de 22,2:1.000 NV, 82 en el primer año de vida (19,4:1.000 NV), y de estos, 37 (45%) en la primera semana. Más de ¾ de los óbitos (70/92) eran evitables. En el primer año de vida, la mayoría (42/82) de las muertes serían evitadas por la adecuada atención a la mujer durante la gestación; de acuerdo con el SIM, la mayoría (n=32/82), por la adecuada atención al recién nacido. No hubo diferencia entre el tipo de unidad básica de salud con relación a la proporción de óbitos evitables. CONCLUSIONES: Es alta la proporción de óbitos infantiles que pueden ser evitados. Para que los óbitos evitables puedan ser utilizados como indicadores en el monitoreo de la calidad de la atención a la salud materno-infantil, es necesario mejorar la calidad de los registros de las Declaraciones de Óbito.

Avoidable deaths until 48 [corrected] months of age among children from the 2004 Pelotas birth cohort.

OBJECTIVE: To describe avoidable deaths of children from the 2004 Pelotas Birth Cohort. METHODS: The death of 92 children between 2004/2008 from Pelotas Birth Cohort were identified and classified according to the Brazilian List of Avoidable Causes of Mortality of Brazilian Unified Healthcare System. The Mortality Information System (SIM) for the State of Rio Grande do Sul (Southern Brazil) and the city of Pelotas were screened to search for deaths that occurred outside the city, as well as causes of deaths after the 1st year. Causes of infant deaths (<1 year of age) were compared between information from a sub-study and SIM. Mortality coefficients per 1,000 LB and proportional mortality for avoidable causes, including by type of health facility (traditional or Family Health Strategy) were calculated. RESULTS: The mortality coefficient was 22.2/ 1,000 LB, 82 the deaths occurred in the first year of life (19.4/1,000LB), and these included 37 (45%) in the first week. More than ¾ of the deaths (70/92) were avoidable. In infancy, according to the sub-study, the majority (42/82) could be prevented through adequate care of the woman during pregnancy; according to SIM, the majority could have been prevented through adequate newborn care (32/82). There was no difference in the proportion of avoidable deaths by type of health facility. CONCLUSIONS: The proportion of avoidable deaths is high. The quality of death certificate registries needs improvement so that avoidable deaths can be employed as an indicator to monitor maternal and child health care.

Avoidable deaths in the first four years of life among children in the 2004 Pelotas (Brazil) birth cohort study / Óbitos evitáveis até os 4 anos de idade na coorte de nascimentos de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, 2004

Avoidable deaths have been employed as indicators of health care quality. The aim of this study was to identify factors associated with avoidable deaths from birth to four years of age among children from the 2004 Pelotas (Brazil) birth cohort study. From January 1st, 2004, to December 31st, 2005, deaths were monitored on a daily basis and the causes were investigated and classified according to avoidability. After the first year, deaths were monitored through the Mortality Information System. A total of 94 children died during this period. It was possible to classify 92 deaths, 70 of which were preventable. Low family income, fewer prenatal visits and poor-quality prenatal care, preterm birth, low 5-minute Apgar score, and no breastfeeding in the first 24 hours of life were associated with increased risk of death. Prematurity was present in 39 deaths, but only five of these would have been prevented by measures provided during prenatal care. Although limited, compliance with antenatal care program guidelines is still the most important strategy for preventing avoidable deaths in childhood, particularly among the poorest children.

Os óbitos evitáveis têm sido utilizados como indicadores de qualidade da atenção à saúde. Este estudo teve como objetivo identificar os fatores associados aos óbitos evitáveis até os 4 anos de idade entre as crianças da Coorte de Nascimentos de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, de 2004. De 1º de janeiro de 2004 a 31 de dezembro de 2005, os óbitos foram monitorados diariamente, as causes, investigadas e classificadas conforme a evitabilidade. Após o primeiro ano, os óbitos foram monitorados por meio do Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade. Até os 4 anos, ocorreram 94 óbitos, sendo possível classificar 92, dos quais 70 seriam evitáveis. Baixa renda, menor número de consultas pré-natais, pré-natal de pior qualidade, prematuridade, baixo Apgar no 5º minuto e não mamar nas primeiras 24 horas associaram-se a risco aumentado de morrer por cause evitável. Prematuridade estava presente em 39 óbitos, mas somente 5 desses teriam sido prevenidos por intervenções no pré-natal. Embora limitada, a adesão às normas do programa de atenção pré-natal, especialmente entre as mais pobres, ainda é a principal estratégia para a prevenção das mortes evitáveis na infância.

Helicobacter pylori and anemia: a community-based cross-sectional study among adults in Southern Brazil / Helicobacter pylori e anemia: um estudo transversal de base populacional entre adultos no Sul do Brasil

To investigate the association between Helicobacter pylori and anemia, a community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 18-45 year old users of the 31 primary health care units in Pelotas, Southern Brazil. Interviews using a structured questionnaire were carried out in waiting rooms during two work shifts. Anemia (hemoglobin < 11g/dL among pregnant women, < 12g/dL among women and < 13g/dL among men) was diagnosed from capillary blood (HemoCue) and H. pylori by means of a 13C-UBT. Information on socio-demographic, behavioral and biological characteristics was collected. Logistic and linear regression analyses were carried out, taking into account aggregated primary health care units. A total of 1,117 respondents fulfilled the inclusion criteria (losses/refusals: 8.1 percent). Prevalence of anemia was 20.6 percent (18.2-23.2 percent) and of H. pylori, 70.7 percent (68.0-73.6 percent). After allowing for age, sex and skin color the odds ratio for anemia among those who were diagnosed H. pylori positive was 0.94 (0.70-1.27). After allowing for sex, skin color, family monthly income, age, and smoking, the reduction in hemoglobin among H. pylori positive respondents was 0.07g/dL (-0.24-0.11; p = 0.4). There is no association between H. pylori and anemia among adults attending primary health care units in Southern Brazil.

Helicobacter pylori tem sido apontado como causa de anemia. Para investigar essa associação, estudo transversal de base populacional foi realizado entre adultos (18-45 anos de idade), usuários das 31 unidades básicas de saúde (UBS), em Pelotas, Sul do Brasil. Entrevistas com questionários estruturados foram feitas nas salas de espera, em dois turnos de trabalho. Anemia (hemoglobina < 11g/dL entre gestantes, < 12g/dL entre mulheres adultas e < 13g/dL entre homens) foi diagnosticada em sangue capilar (HemoCue). H. pylori foi identificado por 13C-Urea Breath Test. Foram coletadas informações sócio-demográficas, comportamentais e biológicas. Análise por regressão logística e linear, levando em conta a agregação por UBS. Dos 1.117 elegíveis, foram perdidos ou recusaram-se participar 8,1 por cento. A prevalência de anemia foi 20,6 por cento (18,2-23,2 por cento) e H. pylori, 70,7 por cento (68,0-73,6 por cento). Após ajuste para idade, sexo e cor, a odds ratio para anemia entre H. pylori positivos foi 0,94 (0,70-1,27). Na análise ajustada para sexo, cor, renda familiar, idade e tabagismo, o nível de hemoglobina foi 0,07g/dL menor (-0,24-0,11; p = 0,4) entre H. pylori positivos. Não há associação entre H. pylori e anemia entre adultos usuários de UBS no Sul do Brasil.

Validade de instrumento epidemiológico para rastrear H. pylori entre pacientes dispépticos / Validez del instrumento epidemiológico para rastrear H. pylori entre pacientes dispépticos / Validity of an epidemiologic instrument for H. pylori screening among dyspeptic patients

OBJETIVO:Validar um escore epidemiológico para identificar dispépticos positivos para Helicobacter pylori. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal realizado com 434 indivíduos entre 18 e 45 anos de idade, portadores de dispepsia não investigada, usuários de unidades básicas de saúde de Pelotas (RS), entre 2006 e 2007. Dispepsia foi diagnosticada conforme Roma-II. O padrão-ouro para presença de H. pylori foi o teste respiratório com 13C-uréia. Analisou-se a associação entre H. pylori e variáveis independentes por regressão logística. O escore foi construído a partir de odds ratios ajustadas. Foram calculadas a sensibilidade, especificidade e valores preditivos. RESULTADOS: Dentre os dispépticos, a prevalência de H. pylori foi 74 por cento (IC 95 por cento: 69;77,7) e esteve associada diretamente à idade e número de irmãos na infância e inversamente à escolaridade, sendo essas variáveis utilizadas na construção do escore. Os valores do escore variaram de 3-9. Escores entre 7, 8 e 9 apresentaram sensibilidade, respectivamente, de 36,6 por cento, 22,3 por cento e 11,1 por cento; e valores preditivos positivos 87,8 por cento, 90,9 por cento e 92,1 por cento. Sem a aplicação do escore, três de cada quatro dispépticos receberiam tratamento para H. pylori, com a aplicação, menor número de dispépticos seriam encaminhados para tratamento (um em cada três, seis e 11, respectivamente, com os pontos de corte entre 7 e 9), porém às custas de alta taxa de casos falso-negativos. CONCLUSÕES: O escore não foi válido para identificação seletiva de dispépticos candidatos a tratamento erradicador para H. pylori. Diferentemente do recomendado para países desenvolvidos, a alta prevalência de H. pylori torna a estratégia testar-e-tratar inapropriada para uso nos países em desenvolvimento.

Validity of an epidemiologic instrument for H. pylori screening among dyspeptic patients.

OBJECTIVE: To validate an epidemiological score for identifying dyspeptic patients at high risk of being H. pylori positive. METHODS: Cross-sectional study including 434 users of primary health care units in the city of Pelotas, Southern Brazil, aged 18-45 years, and with symptoms of non-investigated dyspepsia, between 2006 and 2007. Dyspepsia was diagnosed according to Roma-II. The gold standard for H. pylori infection was the (13)C-urea-breath-test. The association between presence of H. pylori and independent variables was assessed through Logistic Regression. The score was built based on adjusted odds ratios. Sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values of different cutoffs were calculated. RESULTS: Prevalence of H. pylori dyspeptic subjects was 74% (95% CI: 69;77.7). Prevalence was directly associated with age and number of siblings during childhood, and inversely associated with schooling; these variables were used in the construction of the score. The score ranged from 3 to 9 points. Scores 7, 8, and 9 had sensitivity of 36.6%, 22.3%, and 11.1%, and positive predictive values of 87.8%, 90.9%, and 92.1%, respectively. Without the score, 3 in every 4 dyspeptic patients would have received H. pylori erradication therapy. This proportion would have been lower with the score (one in three, six, and 11, for the cutoff points betwewen 7 and 9, respectively), albeit at the expense of a high rate of false-negatives. CONCLUSIONS: The score was not valid for selectively identifying dyspeptic individuals candidate to eradication therapy for H. pylori. Contrary to the recommendation in developed countries, the test-and-treat strategy seems inappropriate for use in developing settings due to the high prevalence of H. pylori infection.

Helicobacter pylori is not associated with anaemia in Latin America: results from Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia, Cuba, Mexico and Venezuela.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between Helicobacter pylori infection and anaemia. DESIGN: Six cross-sectional studies. H. pylori infection was assessed by the [13C]urea breath test using MS or IR analysis. Hb was measured for all countries. Ferritin and transferrin receptors were measured for Argentina, Bolivia, Mexico, and Venezuela. SETTING: Health services in Argentina, Brazil and Mexico or public schools in Bolivia, Cuba and Venezuela. SUBJECTS: In Argentina, 307 children aged 4-17 years referred to a gastroenterology unit; in Bolivia, 424 randomly selected schoolchildren aged 5-8 years; in Brazil, 1007 adults (157 men, 850 women) aged 18-45 years attending thirty-one primary health-care units; in Cuba, 996 randomly selected schoolchildren aged 6-14 years; in Mexico, seventy-one pregnant women in their first trimester attending public health clinics; in Venezuela, 418 children aged 4-13 years attending public schools. RESULTS: The lowest prevalence of H. pylori found was among children in Argentina (25.1%) and the highest in Bolivia (74.0%). In Bolivia, Cuba and Venezuela children showed similar prevalence of H. pylori infection as in Brazilian and Mexican adults (range 47.5% to 81.8%). Overall anaemia prevalence was 11.3% in Argentina, 15.4% in Bolivia, 20.6% in Brazil, 10.5% in Cuba and 8.9% in Venezuela. Adjusted analyses allowing for confounding variables showed no association between H. pylori colonization and anaemia in any study. Hb, ferritin and transferrin receptor levels were also not associated with H. pylori infection in any country. CONCLUSIONS: The present study showed no evidence to support the hypothesis that H. pylori contributes to anaemia in children, adolescents, adults or pregnant women in six Latin American countries.

Helicobacter pylori and anemia: a community-based cross-sectional study among adults in Southern Brazil.

To investigate the association between Helicobacter pylori and anemia, a community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 18-45 year old users of the 31 primary health care units in Pelotas, Southern Brazil. Interviews using a structured questionnaire were carried out in waiting rooms during two work shifts. Anemia (hemoglobin < 11g/dL among pregnant women, < 12g/dL among women and < 13g/dL among men) was diagnosed from capillary blood (HemoCue) and H. pylori by means of a 13C-UBT. Information on socio-demographic, behavioral and biological characteristics was collected. Logistic and linear regression analyses were carried out, taking into account aggregated primary health care units. A total of 1,117 respondents fulfilled the inclusion criteria (losses/refusals: 8.1%). Prevalence of anemia was 20.6% (18.2-23.2%) and of H. pylori, 70.7% (68.0-73.6%). After allowing for age, sex and skin color the odds ratio for anemia among those who were diagnosed H. pylori positive was 0.94 (0.70-1.27). After allowing for sex, skin color, family monthly income, age, and smoking, the reduction in hemoglobin among H. pylori positive respondents was 0.07g/dL (-0.24-0.11; p = 0.4). There is no association between H. pylori and anemia among adults attending primary health care units in Southern Brazil.

Cobertura, foco, fatores associados à participação e vinculação à Campanha Nacional de Detecção de Diabetes em uma cidade no Sul do Brasil / Coverage, focus, risk factors associated with participation, and linkage to the National Campaign for Diabetes Detection in a city in Southern Brazil

Medir cobertura, foco, fatores associados à participação e vinculação à Campanha Nacional de Detecção de Diabetes Mellitus em Pelotas, sul do Brasil. Foram entrevistadas 3.100 pessoas na zona urbana de Pelotas, em estudo transversal de base populacional. Utilizaram-se diferentes critérios para cobertura: utilização, cobertura entre usuários estimados, cobertura entre usuários declarados. O foco foi a proporção dos testes realizados em pessoas que atendiam a critérios de inclusão. As coberturas encontradas foram: utilização 45,8 por cento (IC95 por cento: 43,0-48,5), cobertura entre usuários estimados 37,7 por cento (IC95 por cento: 35,1-40,5), cobertura entre usuários declarados 38,5 por cento (IC95 por cento: 35,2-41,9). O foco foi de 46,5 por cento (IC95 por cento: 42,8-50,2). Sexo feminino, maior idade e menor escolaridade foram associados com aderência à campanha. Dentre aqueles com rastreamento positivo e sem diagnóstico prévio, 42,4 por cento foram mais tarde vistos por médico e metade confirmou diagnóstico. A campanha teve baixa cobertura e foi pouco focalizada. Esforços devem ser concentrados em melhor atendimento aos já diagnosticados, vinculando-os aos serviços através de oferta regular de medicações e estratégias educativas.

The objective of this study was to measure coverage, focus, factors associated with participation, and linkage to the National Campaign for the Detection of Diabetes Mellitus in Pelotas, Southern Brazil. 3,100 individuals living within the city limits of Pelotas were interviewed in a cross-sectional study. Coverage was calculated based on different criteria: utilization, coverage among estimated users, and coverage among self-declared users. The focus was the proportion of tests performed in individuals who had met the inclusion criteria. Coverage rates were: utilization, 45.8 percent (95 percentCI: 43.0-48.5), among estimated users, 37.7 percent (95 percentCI: 35.1-40.5), and among self-declared users, 38.5 percent (95 percentCI: 35.2-41.9). Focus was 46.5 percent (95 percentCI: 42.8-50.2). Female gender, older age, and lower schooling were associated with adherence to the campaign. A total of 42.4 percent of individuals with positive screening tests but without prior diagnoses were subsequently examined by physicians, and half of the diagnoses were confirmed. The campaign showed a low coverage and poor focus. Efforts should be concentrated on improving care for individuals who have already been diagnosed, linking them to services by offering regular medication and educational strategies.

[Coverage, focus, risk factors associated with participation, and linkage to the National Campaign for Diabetes Detection in a city in Southern Brazil]. / Cobertura, foco, fatores associados à participação e vinculação à Campanha Nacional de Detecção de Diabetes em uma cidade no Sul do Brasil.

The objective of this study was to measure coverage, focus, factors associated with participation, and linkage to the National Campaign for the Detection of Diabetes Mellitus in Pelotas, Southern Brazil. 3,100 individuals living within the city limits of Pelotas were interviewed in a cross-sectional study. Coverage was calculated based on different criteria: utilization, coverage among estimated users, and coverage among self-declared users. The focus was the proportion of tests performed in individuals who had met the inclusion criteria. Coverage rates were: utilization, 45.8% (95%CI: 43.0-48.5), among estimated users, 37.7% (95%CI: 35.1-40.5), and among self-declared users, 38.5% (95%CI: 35.2-41.9). Focus was 46.5% (95%CI: 42.8-50.2). Female gender, older age, and lower schooling were associated with adherence to the campaign. A total of 42.4% of individuals with positive screening tests but without prior diagnoses were subsequently examined by physicians, and half of the diagnoses were confirmed. The campaign showed a low coverage and poor focus. Efforts should be concentrated on improving care for individuals who have already been diagnosed, linking them to services by offering regular medication and educational strategies.